Q. Based on CMOS 10.4, Los Angeles should appear as LA, but this can create confusion between the city and the state of Louisiana. How then do you treat Los Angeles when you need to abbreviate it?
A. Los Angeles is also abbreviated LA. If you spell out Los Angeles at first mention, it’s not likely that readers will suddenly think you are talking about Louisiana when they encounter “LA,” but in any context where the abbreviation is potentially confusing, avoid using it.
[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]
Q. Which is the correct name for a law degree—juris doctor or juris doctorate?
A. Please see CMOS 10.21, which lists JD as “juris doctor.” You can also use a dictionary to check spellings and meanings.
[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]
Q. Is it acceptable to use an acronym for the first time in a subheading? Or should an acronym only be used in the information that follows a subheading even if it’s the second time the word appears?
A. Although our mail reveals some demand for a rule in this regard, we can’t think of a good reason to allow or disallow various placements of an acronym. An acronym may be used anywhere it is helpful and not out-and-out ugly.
[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]
Q. In running text, what is the preferred way to write “Washington, D.C.”?
A. Use commas:
Washington, D.C., was built on what was essentially swampland.
This recommendation holds true when you use the abbreviations recommended by the US Postal Service and now preferred by Chicago:
To me, Washington, DC, is first and foremost the home of the Smithsonian.
[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]
Q. Would you please explain when to use “e.g.” and when to use “i.e.?”
Thank you.
A. Certainly. Both are abbreviations for Latin phrases: id est (“that is”) and exempli gratia (“for the sake of example”). So use “i.e.”
when you want to rephrase something you’ve already said, and use “e.g.”
when you want to offer an example. Put a comma before and after; avoid using both in the same sentence; and try not to use
either in formal prose. And (a bonus tip) if you start a list with “e.g.,” there’s
no need to put “etc.” at the end.
If the applicant is currently one of our tuition-paying clients (i.e., a student), the fee may be waived.
The best ingredients for pizza are green—e.g., spinach, artichokes, and green peppers.
The best ingredients for pizza are green: spinach, olives, etc.
[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]
Q. When a person is referred to by first-name initials after the first mention, is it GP (or G.P., or G. P.)? The examples listed
in CMOS only mention all initials (LBJ or JFK). Should there be periods? Should it be spaced or together? This is for a children’s
book.
A. Chicago doesn’t address this situation, and even if we did, it wouldn’t be with
little readers in mind, so you should work with the author and book designer to settle on a style that looks good in print
and won’t confuse children.
[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]
Q. Very wealthy event sponsor Thurston Quagmire III insists on presenting his name to the public as Thurston Quagmire, III—no
doubt because his letterhead and business card have long contained the error. Since throwing the book at him doesn’t
help, do you have any advice on talking him out of the comma? (Okay, what I’d really like is a cathartic,
subversive response that I can keep to myself whilst I lower our standards.)
A. If other names on the list are so encumbered, then copyediting for consistency is the editor’s prerogative.
And if house style takes out the comma, it needn’t suggest that Thursty’s business
cards are wrong. It’s just a style. But evidently this moneyman is allowed to micromanage, and if style
books don’t impress him, there’s nothing CMOS can say about it. Wealth has its privileges! Perhaps you can add a comma before each “Jr.”
in the list as well, and take comfort in the parallel.
[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]
Q. In a scientific book the source of some information is cited as an abbreviation for the name of the organization. For example,
“Weather data is taken from WMO 1990.” WMO stands for World Meteorological Organization.
In the literature cited, is WMO placed alphabetically according to WMO or according to World? That is, before or after an
entry by Wood?
A. If the reference list entry begins with WMO (World Meteorological Organization), it comes before Wood; if it begins with
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), it comes after Wood. The way it appears in the list should match the way it’s
cited in the text and notes.
[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]
Q. I edit medical textbooks in which series of closely related abbreviations are used often. For example, a chapter might discuss
interleukins 1, 2, 3, and 4, abbreviated IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4. How would I introduce the abbreviation IL (for “interleukin”)
into the following sentence: “Local osteolytic hypercalcemia is caused by locally produced osteoclast-activating
cytokines, including interleukin 1, interleukin 6, and interleukin 8.”
A. You could write, “Local osteolytic hypercalcemia is caused by locally produced osteoclast-activating
cytokines, including interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and IL-8.”
[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]
Q. I have translated a German-language publication and am prepared to publish. But at the last minute I face a challenge from
the author. In her work she used the term “Erneuerungsbewegung” (Renewal Movement)
extensively. She consistently placed the German term within quotation marks in her work. I am now requested to do the same
with “Renewal Movement.” Her explanation is that “Erneuerungsbewegung”
is a self-designated, political term. Is her request valid?
A. If the Renewal Movement is an official organization (with headquarters, officers, letterhead), then quotation marks are overkill
and would almost certainly be removed by a copyeditor. On the other hand, if the movement is an unofficial one and the designation
inaccurate or tongue-in-cheek or in some other way deserving of scare quotes, then quotation marks are appropriate, perhaps
without the caps. Repeated use of optional quotation marks is distracting in a text, so if you can work with the author to
find a way to refer to this movement in a way that doesn’t require quoting it, that would be best.
[This answer relies on the 17th edition of CMOS (2017) unless otherwise noted.]